Transmission of letters of a foreign word using the letters of the alphabet of the receiving culture. If the alphabet is the same, there can be cases of adaptation reproducing the pronunciation (for example, the English chewing gum can become in Italian «ciuinga», and be treated as an Italian word of feminine gender). If the alphabet is different, the change is all the more necessary (although there are also text insertions in different alphabets) so that the receiving culture reader is able to process the message. Whether or not the receiving culture and the source culture use the same or differing alphabets involves further differences. Transmission of sounds of a foreign language (usually proper name, geographic name, scientific term) using the letters of the alphabet of the receiving culture. Transcription is, in turn, divided into transcription proper and transliteration. In the case of transcription, there is an attempt to preserve the alien element through own means.Īlthough such a distinction is very superficial, I think it is a first fundamental standard for distinguishing realia processing on the own versus alien axis. In the case of translation, it is implicit the attempt at a greater appropriation of the alien element. Such classification, presented after the examples in the two previous units, in their book bears a more systematic character.įirst of all, translation is distinguished from transcription of realia as a first fundamental divide. Vlahov and Florin, having shown in their book about realia that it is possible to categorize them based on the object type, or on place and time parameters, go on arranging the processes to transmit realia in translation 3. "Thus it is written and thus it is repeated, identically, without compassion or hope" 2. «Escrito está y se repite idéntico sin compasión ni esperanza» 1.
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